<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">thealth</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Здравоохранение Таджикистана</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Health care of Tajikistan</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">0514-2415</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Редакция журнала «Здравоохранение Таджикистана»</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52888/0514-2515-2025-367-4-76-91</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">thealth-694</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Коррекция острой печёночной недостаточности как основного компонента полиорганной недостаточности при распространённом гнойном перитоните</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Management of acute liver failure as a key component of multiple organ dysfunction in patients with severe purulent peritonitis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9091-9018</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Отаев</surname><given-names>Ш. З.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Otaev</surname><given-names>Sh. Z.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Отаев Шукрулло Зулолиддинович - аспирант кафедры хирургических болезней №1 им. академика К.М. Курбонова</p><p>Душанбе</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Otaev Shukrullo Zuloliddinovich - postgraduate student of the Department of Surgical Diseases №1 named after Academician K.M. Kurbonov</p><p>Dushanbe</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">otaev.sh1997@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2099-2353</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назаров</surname><given-names>Ш. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarov</surname><given-names>Sh. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Назаров Шохин Кувватович - доктор медицинских наук, заведующий кафедрой хирургических болезней №1 им. академика К.М. Курбонова</p><p>Душанбе</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nazarov Shohin Kuvvatovich - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department of Surgical Diseases №1 named after Academician K.M. Kurbonov</p><p>Dushanbe</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">shohin67@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-9410-1620</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валиев</surname><given-names>Б. К.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Valiev</surname><given-names>B. K.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Валиев Бободжон Комилджонович – РhD- докторант кафедры хирургических болезней №1 им. академика К.М. Курбонова</p><p>Душанбе</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Valiev Bobodzhon Komildzhonovich – PhD- doctoral student of the Department of Surgical Diseases No. 1 named after Academician K.M. Kurbonov</p><p>Dushanbe</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valiyev.akhmad@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5609-0844</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Холбегов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kholbegov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Холбегов Азимбой Мирзохамдамович - ассистент кафедры хирургических болезней №1 им. академика К.М. Курбонова</p><p>Душанбе</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kholbegov Azimboy Mirzokhamdamovich - assistant of the Department of Surgical Diseases №1 named afterAcademician K.M. Kurbonov</p><p>Dushanbe</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">azimboykholbekov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9695-1924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Али-Заде</surname><given-names>С. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ali-Zade</surname><given-names>S. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Али-Заде Сухроб Гаффарович - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры хирургических болезней №1 им. академика К.М. Курбонова</p><p>Душанбе</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ali-Zade Sukhrob Gaffarovich - Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Surgical Diseases No. 1 named after Academician K.M. Kurbonov</p><p>Dushanbe</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fakirov.kh@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Джалилов</surname><given-names>Ф. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Jalilov</surname><given-names>F. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Джалилов Фаридун Пирумшоевич - аспирант кафедры хирургических болезней №1 им. академика К.М. Курбонова</p><p>Душанбе</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jalilov Faridun Pirumshoevich - postgraduate student of the Department of Surgical Diseases №1 named afterAcademician K.M. Kurbonov</p><p>Dushanbe</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">valizoda.a@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Кафедра хирургических болезней имени академика Курбанова К.М. ГОУ «ТГМУ имени Абуали ибни Сино»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Department of Surgical Diseases №1 named after Academician K.M. Kurbonov, SEI Avicenna Tajik State Medical&#13;
University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>76</fpage><lpage>91</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Отаев Ш.З., Назаров Ш.К., Валиев Б.К., Холбегов А.М., Али-Заде С.Г., Джалилов Ф.П., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Отаев Ш.З., Назаров Ш.К., Валиев Б.К., Холбегов А.М., Али-Заде С.Г., Джалилов Ф.П.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Otaev S.Z., Nazarov S.K., Valiev B.K., Kholbegov A.M., Ali-Zade S.G., Jalilov F.P.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.zdrav.tj/jour/article/view/694">https://www.zdrav.tj/jour/article/view/694</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель: оценить эффективность программной санации брюшной полости и лаважа тонкого кишечника ионизированным физиологическим раствором в коррекции острой печёночной недостаточности у больных с распространённым гнойным перитонитом.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы: в исследование включены 69 пациентов с распространённым гнойным перитонитом, разделённых на основную (n = 35) и контрольную (n = 34) группы. В основной группе, после устранения источника перитонита, выполняли программную санацию брюшной полости и лаваж тонкого кишечника ионизированным физиологическим раствором; в контрольной группе применялась традиционная санация без ионизации. Оценивали клиническое состояние пациентов, характер и стадию острой печёночной недостаточности, сопутствующую патологию, динамику печёночного кровотока (УЗИ с допплерографией), биохимические показатели функции печени и почек, маркеры воспаления (интерлейкин-6, прокальцитонин, D-димер), параметры гемостаза, микробную контаминацию брюшной полости, потребность в релапаротомии, частоту рецидивирующего перитонита, септических осложнений, длительность искусственной вентиляции лёгких (ИВЛ), клиническое выздоровление и летальность.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты: на фоне применения программной санации и ионизированного лаважа отмечено более быстрое восстановление портального кровотока и нормализация печёночной функции. Скорость кровотока по воротной вене в основной группе увеличивалась с 9,8 [8,7–10,9] до 19,2 [17,4–21,0] см/с к 15-м суткам, тогда как в контрольной – с 9,6 [8,3–10,9] до 16,1 [14,5–17,7] см/с. Общий билирубин снижался с 142 [130–154] до 54 [47–61] мкмоль/л в основной группе и с 144 [131–157] до 78 [70–86] мкмоль/л – в контрольной. Временной срок нормализации билирубина был достоверно короче в основной группе (6,8 [6,3–7,3] против 11,4 [10,6–12,2] суток; p &lt;0,01), аналогично – нормализация МНО (7,2 [6,7–7,9] против 12,1 [11,2–13,0] суток; p &lt;0,01). Уровни интерлейкина-6, прокальцитонина и D-димера снижались более выраженно в основной группе: к 15-м суткам прокальцитонин составил 0,8 [0,7–0,9] против 1,5 [1,2–1,8] нг/мл, D-димер – 560 [499–621] против 840 [772–908] нг/мл. Общая микробная масса в брюшной полости уменьшалась с 905 [815–995] до 13 [10–16] ×10³ КОЕ/мл в основной группе и с 933 [838–1028] до 44 [38–50] ×10³ КОЕ/мл – в контрольной группе. Частота рецидивирующего перитонита была ниже в основной группе (8,6% против 26,5%; относительный риск (RR) 0,32), септических осложнений – 11,4% против 32,4% (RR 0,35; отношение шансов (OR) 0,27; 95% ДИ 0,08–0,96). Клиническое выздоровление к моменту выписки отмечено у 85,7% пациентов основной группы и у 61,8% – контрольной (RR 1,39; OR 3,71; 95% ДИ 1,15–12,0). Летальность составила 14,3% и 32,4% соответственно (RR 0,44).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы: программная санация брюшной полости в сочетании с лаважем тонкого кишечника ионизированным физиологическим раствором обеспечивает более эффективную коррекцию острой печёночной недостаточности при распространённом гнойном перитоните, ускоряет восстановление печёночного кровотока и нормализацию биохимических и коагулологических показателей, снижает выраженность системного воспаления и микробной контаминации брюшной полости, что сопровождается уменьшением частоты септических осложнений и более чем двукратным относительным снижением летальности.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of planned relaparotomy with staged peritoneal lavage and small intestinal lavage using electrolyzed isotonic saline in the management of acute hepatic failure in patients with generalized purulent peritonitis.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods: the study included 69 patients with generalized purulent peritonitis, divided into an intervention group (n = 35) and a control group (n = 34). After source control, the intervention group underwent planned relaparotomy with staged peritoneal lavage plus small intestinal lavage using electrochemically activated isotonic saline; controls received conventional peritoneal lavage with standard isotonic saline. The following parameters were evaluated: clinical status, characteristics and stage of acute hepatic failure, comorbidities, dynamics of hepatic blood flow (ultrasound with Doppler imaging), biochemical indices of liver and kidney function, inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, procalcitonin, D-dimer), hemostasis parameters, microbial contamination of the abdominal cavity, need for relaparotomy, incidence of recurrent peritonitis and septic complications, duration of mechanical ventilation, clinical recovery and mortality.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results: use of planned relaparotomy with staged peritoneal lavage plus small intestinal lavage using electrolyzed isotonic saline was associated with faster restoration of portal venous flow and normalization of liver function. Portal vein blood flow velocity in the intervention group increased from 9.8 [8.7–10.9] to 19.2 [17.4–21.0] cm/s by day 15, whereas in the control group it increased from 9.6 [8.3–10.9] to 16.1 [14.5–17.7] cm/s. Total bilirubin decreased from 142 [130–154] to 54 [47–61] μmol/L in the intervention group and from 144 [131–157] to 78 [70–86] μmol/L in the control group. The time to bilirubin normalization was significantly shorter in the intervention group (6.8 [6.3–7.3] vs. 11.4 [10.6–12.2] days; p &lt; 0.01), as was the time to INR normalization (7.2 [6.7–7.9] vs. 12.1 [11.2–13.0] days; p &lt; 0.01). Levels of interleukin 6, procalcitonin and D-dimer decreased more markedly in the intervention group: by day 15, procalcitonin was 0.8 [0.7–0.9] vs. 1.5 [1.2–1.8] ng/mL, and D-dimer was 560 [499–621] vs. 840 [772–908] ng/mL. The total microbial load in the abdominal cavity decreased from 905 [815–995] to 13 [10–16] ×10³ CFU/mL in the intervention group and from 933 [838–1028] to 44 [38–50] ×10³ CFU/mL in the control group. The incidence of recurrent peritonitis was lower in the intervention group (8.6% vs. 26.5%; relative risk [RR] 0.32), as was the rate of septic complications (11.4% vs. 32.4%; RR 0.35; odds ratio [OR] 0.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08–0.96). Clinical recovery by hospital discharge was achieved in 85.7% of patients in the intervention group and in 61.8% in the control group (RR 1.39; OR 3.71; 95% CI 1.15–12.0). Mortality was 14.3% and 32.4%, respectively (RR 0.44).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Planned relaparotomy with staged peritoneal lavage combined with small intestinal lavage using using electrolyzed isotonic saline provides more effective management of acute hepatic failure in generalized purulent peritonitis, accelerates restoration of hepatic blood flow and normalization of biochemical and coagulation parameters, reduces the severity of systemic inflammation and microbial contamination of the abdominal cavity, and is associated with a lower incidence of septic complications and more than a twofold relative reduction in mortality. </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острая печёночная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>полиорганная недостаточность</kwd><kwd>распространённый гнойный перитонит</kwd><kwd>программная санация брюшной полости</kwd><kwd>ионизированный физиологический раствор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute hepatic failure</kwd><kwd>multiple organ dysfunction syndrome</kwd><kwd>generalized purulent peritonitis</kwd><kwd>programmed abdominal cavity sanitation</kwd><kwd>planned relaparotomy</kwd><kwd>electrolyzed isotonic saline</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курбанов К.М. Гнойный перитонит: современные подходы к диагностике и лечению. - Душанбе: Ирфон. 2018:324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurbanov K.M. Purulent peritonitis: modern approaches to diagnosis and treatment. - Dushanbe: Irfon. 2018:324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гельфанд Б.Р., Черкасова И.Г. Синдром полиорганной недостаточности. - М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа. 2016:352.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gelfand B.R., Cherkasova I.G. Multiple organ failure syndrome. - M.: GEOTAR-Media.2016:352.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пинчук А.В., Бойко В.В., Чепкий Л.П. Острый перитонит: диагностика, лечение, прогноз. - Киев: Здоровье.2014:448.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinchuk A.V., Boyko V.V., Chepkiy L.P. Acute peritonitis: diagnosis, treatment, prognosis. - Kyiv: Health. 2014:448.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шалимов А.А., Саенко В.Ф. Хирургия органов брюшной полости. - Киев: Здоровье. 2013:752</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shalimov A.A., Saenko V.F. Surgery of abdominal organs. - Kyiv: Health. 2013:752</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Луцевич О.Э. Острый перитонит: современные методы хирургической коррекции. - М.: МЕДпрессинформ. 2019:264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lutsevich O.E. Acute peritonitis: modern methods of surgical correction. - M.: MEDpress-inform. 2019:264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Курыгин А.А., Гостищев В.К. Перитонит. - М.: Медицина. 2009:384.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kurygin A.A., Gostishchev V.K. Peritonitis. - M.: Medicine. 2009:384.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Малахов И.С., Рудаков Ю.В. Острая печёночная недостаточность при хирургических инфекциях. - СПб.: Питер. 2020:288.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malakhov I.S., Rudakov Yu.V. Acute liver failure in surgical infections. - St. Petersburg: Piter. 2020:288.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ревич Б.А., Синдорская Е.Ю. Гепатология: руководство для врачей. - М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2022:512.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Revich B.A., Sindorskaya E.Yu. Hepatology: a guide for doctors. - M.: GEOTAR-Media; 2022:512.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тарабрин О.А., Гладких Ф.В. Интенсивная терапия при полиорганной недостаточности. - Одесса: ОНМедУ; 2019:340 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarabrin O.A., Gladkikh F.V. Intensive care for multiple organ failure. - Odessa: ONMedU; 2019:340.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клинические рекомендации Минздрава РФ. Острый перитонит. - М.; 2022:56.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical guidelines of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Acute peritonitis. - M.; 2022:56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sartelli M., Chichom-Mefire A., Labricciosa F.M. et al. WSES Guidelines for management of severe peritonitis. World Journal of Emergency Surgery. 2017;12:29. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0141-4</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sartelli M., Chichom-Mefire A., Labricciosa F.M. et al. WSES Guidelines for management of severe peritonitis. World Journal of Emergency Surgery. 2017;12:29. DOI: 10.1186/s13017-017-0141-4</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singer M., Deutschman C.S., Seymour C.W. et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801– 810. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singer M., Deutschman C.S., Seymour C.W. et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801– 810. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.0287</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferreira A.M., Oliveira A., Bettencourt P. et al. Organ dysfunction and mortality in intra-abdominal sepsis. Critical Care Medicine. 2018;46(5):e419–e426. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003032</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferreira A.M., Oliveira A., Bettencourt P. et al. Organ dysfunction and mortality in intra-abdominal sepsis. Critical Care Medicine. 2018;46(5):e419–e426. DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000003032</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kumar V., Abbas A., Aster J. Robbins and Cotran. Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021.1408.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kumar V., Abbas A., Aster J. Robbins and Cotran. Pathologic Basis of Disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2021.1408.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bernal W., Wendon J. Acute liver failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;369(26):2525–2534. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1208937</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bernal W., Wendon J. Acute liver failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;369(26):2525–2534. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1208937</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strasberg S.M., Helton W.S. Acute calculous cholecystitis and peritonitis. Annals of Surgery. 2019;270(3):427–435. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003466</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strasberg S.M., Helton W.S. Acute calculous cholecystitis and peritonitis. Annals of Surgery. 2019;270(3):427–435. DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003466</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahman T., Evans L. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2021;27(1):1–9. DOI: 10.1097/ MCC.0000000000000795</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahman T., Evans L. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Current Opinion in Critical Care. 2021;27(1):1–9. DOI: 10.1097/ MCC.0000000000000795</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deitch E.A. Role of the gut in the development of sepsis and multiple organ failure. American Journal of Surgery. 2012;204(6):917–921. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.08.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deitch E.A. Role of the gut in the development of sepsis and multiple organ failure. American Journal of Surgery. 2012;204(6):917–921. DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2012.08.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bihari D., Nichol A.D. Liver dysfunction in critical illness. Intensive Care Medicine. 2016;42:1579–1596. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4397-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bihari D., Nichol A.D. Liver dysfunction in critical illness. Intensive Care Medicine. 2016;42:1579–1596. DOI: 10.1007/s00134-016-4397-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bakker J., Nijsten M.W., Jansen T.C. Clinical use of lactate monitoring in critically ill patients. Annals of Intensive Care. 2013;3:12. DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-3-12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bakker J., Nijsten M.W., Jansen T.C. Clinical use of lactate monitoring in critically ill patients. Annals of Intensive Care. 2013;3:12. DOI: 10.1186/2110-5820-3-12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
